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Rooting a cactus cutting doesn't have to be difficult. In fact, it is quite simple and much easier than rooting most other types of plants.
First, cut the pad off with a clean, sharp knife. You can use a saw if the pad is large or woody. For best results, clip the cactus during the growing season (late spring/summer).
Next, dry the cutting in a cool, dry, shady place until the cut portion is dried up. Basically make sure the area you sliced has callused up. This can take from a few days to a week, depending on the size of your cutting. DO NOT WATER.
Once the cutting is ready for planting, plant in pure snd or a well-draining soil mixture. Gravel, sand, pumice or perlite can all combine to make a perfect medium. Water. Check back in a couple of days and water when the soil is bone dry. In the winter you probably won't need to water it at all.
Rot is the most common reason cactus cuttings die. Less is more when it comes to water.
Cactus can fall over in the wild and grow from the piece that fell off. It is not uncommon for this to happen. Oftentimes you can get away with simply cutting the pad at the joint, plunking it into dry soil and leaving it alone. Your rate of survival won't be as good as following the steps above but it only take a minute to toss one into the ground!